Essay on The Holy Bible - The Nature of God in the Genesis

The Nature of God in the Genesis Genesis is the first halt of the Bible. It begins with the story of Gods creation of the universe. The Lord is the Almighty Creator of the world, skies, heavens, seas, animals, human race, and woman. He governs the universe and develops relationships with man. end-to-end Genesis, God acknowledges the fact that human beings make mistakes, and accepts their imperfection. Through show up Genesis, God changes from 1 who does not tolerate disobedience, to one who shows clemency. Early on in Genesis, God punishes Adam and Eve for disobedience. After making the mistake of swamp the world, the Lord realizes that even He is not perfect, and does not allow Jacobs deceit of his father to taint his future. In the story of Adam and Eve, God naughtily punishes the first two humans for disobeying his orders. Upon placing Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, God commands the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, jetgh shalt not eat of it for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. (15). After Adam and Eve disobey, God is outraged and punishes them severely. I will greatly multiply thy (womans) regret and they conceptionand thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. And unto Adam he saidcursed is the ground for thy sake in sorrow shall thou eat of it all the days of thy lifeAnd unto Adam he said, in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, til though return unto the ground for out of it wast thou taken for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return (16-17). Gods punishment to women is especially harsh, for he makes childbirth treacherous for them, and appoints man as their ruler. To Adam, the Lord says that man is not imm... ...h can be seen from the story of Adam and Eve. After creating a flood that destroys the entire world, God realizes that He has make a mistake. He assures Noah that He will never do it again. The Lord learns from his blunder, just like humans learn from theirs. Go d accepts the fact that no one is flawless, and no longer punishes every wrongdoing. He is aware that if even He, the Lord, can sometimes show poor judgment, humans should have the privilege of a support chance. For example, God gives Jacob a second chance when he does not punish him for deceiving his father. Rather than penalizing Jacob, God ignores his sin, and blesses Jacob, allowing him to prosper. As is frequently the case with humans, Gods spirit changes as He is exposed to new experiences. Throughout Genesis, the Lord transforms from on who does not tolerate disobedience, to one who shows mercy.

Child Dieting and eating disorders :: essays research papers

Worried about her weight, Kristy swore off dessert and cut back on meal portions. As do many of us all the time. Eventually, she began skipping breakfast and was just nibbling at lunch and dinner. Within six months, she dropped 13 pounds. A weight-loss success story? Not at all. Kristy is only 10 years old. Her diet cost her 20 pct of her weight.Children such as Kristy, a 4th-grader, are at the forefront of a disturbing new reduce affecting the health of U.S. children dieting. Around the country, children as young as 6 are shedding pounds, afraid of being fat and increasingly being hardened for eating disorders that threaten their health and growth.With girls reaching puberty at younger ages, it has become natural for youngsters under age 10 to grow increasingly interested about bodily changes and weight make. Puberty is a time of rapid growth in a childs life. Girls and boys alike usually become curvier during this time. Females tend to gain weight on their hips, while males dev elop broad shoulders and backs. Therefore there is often an increase in overall body fat.A study by Steven R Thomsen in the Internalizing the Impossible Journal says that U.S. girls are showing signs of puberty at a younger age. A common medical view is that slight than 1 percent of girls under 8 enter puberty. The study based on current data from 17,000 children found pubescent development in 7 percent of white girls and 27 percent of black girls between 7 and 8 years old. Between ages 8 and 9, signs were evident in 15 percent of whites and 48 percent of blacks. This is one of the reasons for an increase in the number of adolescent children on diets and with eating disorders. Another reason would be the increase of obesity in the United States. During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the US. In 1991, four states had obesity judge of 1519 percent and no states had rates at or above 20 percent. In 2003, 15 states had obesity prevalence rates of 151 9 percent 31 states had rates of 2024 percent and 4 states had rates more than 25 percent.Not only are the obesity rates increasing, so is the knowledge of these statistics. More and more parents are putting their children on diets so they do not become a number in these statistics.

Three Estates :: Essays Papers

Three Estates The term Three Estates is used to describe the divisions of the European parliament. Parliament is defined by the Websters Dictionary as, an assemblage of person (as members of nobility, clergy, and commons) called together by the British sovereign setting for a period of measure and then being dissolved, and constituting the supreme general assembly body of the United Kingdom. Parliament could also be defined as, The image and the thing in deed of the mixed party (Alford 36). The three different groups as mentioned in the exposition by the Websters Dictionary are the estates that divide the parliament. The estates are not of physical property, but rather the separation of the society. One group was the clergy, which consisted of the bishops and priests, who were also called the prayers. adjacent there was the group of nobility which was formed by the kings, queens and knights, as so known as the fighters. And finally, the last group was the group of comm ons which were the fairish person such as the workers. The term three estates showed the fundamental view of the separation of society in medieval times. This term Three Estates does not needs mean the three divisions of the parliament. This term could be, as more(prenominal) effective synonym for both houses . (Alford 36) The two houses are the House of the Lords and the House of the Commons. This shows that the term is not a aim interpretation , but rather an idea of the separation. Parliament was used to manage the Crowns business (Loades 90). The parliament was also used to pass bills and legislature, but each time a bill was presented, it was mandatory that it would go through each house at least three times. As the age of the Parliament became older, its procedures grew more sophisticated, and more strictly enforced. (Loades 92) The Parliament also became a place at which provided a very good platform for a monarch who wanted to say something of feature i mportance. (Loades 93) But the Parliament did also have its faults. It had a separation between the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of the Lords was closer to the court, highly spiritual, and made themselves to the hand of the monarch.

Legalizing Marijuana :: The United States Should Legalize Marijuana

Marijuana is a misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous, when in fact it is in anything but. Because of passels ignorance and gullibility marijuana has become illegal for all the wrong reasons and should highly be reconsidered for legalization. For centuries, marijuana has been used by different nationalities of people for religious, recreational, and medical exam use. Marijuana has been legalized in such European countries as Holland and Belgium. Civil Liberties on the Internet has quoted Great Britains Guardian saying, Italy, Spain and Portugal are reported to be considering quasi(prenominal) moves for cannabis (Europe Goes To Pot) So why is the legalization of marijuana in the unify States such a problem for many people today? Considered to be a gateway drug and the reason for the downfall of our youth today, marijuana has developed a negative reputation. Lester Grinspoon, a professor at Harvard University, states, Few drugs in the United States have produced a s much affective heat as marijuana, particularly during the last decade. The controversy essentially revolves around the question of how dangerous or arctic the drug is (Grinspoon, 1). However, many people are chronic users and believe that this drug is no more harmful than smoking cigarettes. Despite its useful medical set up for relieving pain and nausea, marijuana is a psychedelic drug that will be looked down upon because of false claims about it. Marijuana is a dried leaf from the slip away of the hemp kit and caboodle. This plant is able to reach a height of 16 to 20 feet high, depending on climate conditions. Producing both male and female plants, the male plant is thought to have little effect when used for intoxication. With a hollow stem, the female marijuana plant can have seven to eleven leaves and a very strong odor. The part of the marijuana plant that is responsible for intoxication is the sticky, golden resin, which contains the highest amounts of tetrahydro cannabinol (THC). Expomed dot COM has done further study of marijuana and states, Tetrahydrocannabinol is generally accepted to be the principle active component- in marijuana, although other cannabinoids are likely to contribute to the physiological activity of marijuana (Tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) Other move of the female marijuana plant may contain THC, but more investigation will be needed to determine its potency. Greater intoxication is dogged by the amount of resin in the plant.

My American Nightmare Essay example -- Education Careers School Essays

My American NightmareMany people today talk of their American Dreamshow more they want to fulfill afantasy of houses, wives, cars, and jobs that pay well. To me, becoming the aforementioned(prenominal)as everyone elsefulfilling the dream of a living that I dont want is in truth nota dream, but a horrible nightmare which my education has tried to direct metowards, and that I have fought at every turn.Anyone can live the life of another person. Its quite simple to just copyothers desires and dreams, to seek that which they seek. To this extent, manyAmericans base their lives on things give care pop culture. We bring up these modelAmericans that everyone should strive to be, usually in the form of singers and movie stars. To live this life is a lie in dickens ways, because we strive for a typeof living that most of us cannot hope to attain, and because we forget aboutourselves, our individuality, and our potential as humans to become somethinggreat. As we sack up that the fi rst dream is hopeless, we then realize a newfalse dream, we strive to gain money and social position through a redeeming(prenominal) job.Most of these jobs involve meaningless and menial tasks which we are to repeatover and over again, although many of todays careers mask this repetition bymaking things like projects and assignments with different purposes. While wemay gain money, most Americans hate their jobs, and to this extent lead miserablelives, gaining escape through sexuality and drugs, much in the same way describedby Krishnamurti (Krishnamurti 115-117). It is this sort of drudgery that is mynightmare. Waking up every day to relive the same day, the same moments, the samesensation, and then retire to repeat the process. To live this... ...f music upon my life, I made the decision to change my future, and realized what I wanted in life, which brings me to where I am today. I stand at the edge of reality, and looking back I see what I left behind, I see order, regulati on, a boring life filled with things that I have no desire for. I turn tolook forward, and I see limitless potentiala life without borders or boundaries.A world where anything is possible.Works CitedKrishnamurti, Jiddu. Education and the Significance of Life. New York Harper & Row,1981.Columbo, Gary, ed. Rereading America. Boston Beford, 2001.Gatto, John Taylor. The Seven-Lesson Schoolteacher in Rereading America, GaryColumbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, eds.Anyon, Jean. From Social Class and the private Curriculum of Work in RereadingAmerica, Gary Columbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, eds.

Character Motivations in The Crucible Essay -- Arthur Miller

MotivationsIn the play, The Crucible,by Arthur Miller.Many characters have desires that drive them to pursue certain things.This affects the plot in some ways.In this puritan society,people strongly cared what other people think of them and how their reputation stands in the village.They always strive to make sure their actions reflect wisely on their names.A major(ip) motivation John Proctor,Abagail,and Parris share is pride in their names,which eventually leads to their ultimate downfall.When the play sets in action, John has had a past affair with his servant, Abigail Williams. His wife, Elizabeth Proctor, is very compassionate of his sin, but John has his mind set that he will not confess to anyone else, in fear of ruining his good name and reputation. The affair betwixt John and Abigail causes the start of chaotic delightery and accusation. After the affair, Abigail becomes horribly jealous of Elizabeth Proctor. Proctor realizes there is only one way to stop all the witch hy steria in Salem, and that would be to admit to adultery which is considered a sin. . Also in the beginning R...

Walt Disney Analyses

Analysis of The Walt Disneys strategy PESTEL SWOT STRATEGIC ANALYSES Fiscal 2011 was a great year financially and strategically, demonstrating the strength of our brands and businesses with point revenue, net income and earnings per shargon, said Disney President and CEO Robert A. Iger. We are confident the Company is well-positi unityd to deliver long-term value for our shareholders with our focus on quality content, stimulate theatrical roles of technology and global asset growth. According to the PESTEL analysis, the Walt Disney Company has been shaped mainly with respect to social, economic and political.First, it is politically shaped because the government and lobby groups have an all important(p) role in establishing policies, requirements and competition rules. Furthermore, the local governmental rules are crucial in establishing foreign ownership for subsidiaries or business units. Alongside with the political circumstanceors, both(prenominal) the economic and social factors influence the groups profitability and activity because customers and economic conditions are closely related. For instance the financial crisis of 2007 brought serious economic downturns that impact most of the activities at Disney 11 parks.The group is as well dependent on oil prices, inflation and interest rates that might affect exchange rates. loving trends influence the company strategic decisions, mainly due to demographic changes, attitudes or certain fashion cycles. According to PESTEL, technological factors decide the competitive actors in the effort because advances in technology shape manufacturing conditions and operations, can increase capacity and improve quality. Furthermore, the environmental factors affect the activity of the company due to weather conditions that can be negative for the parks profitability, manufacturing prices and conditions. A SWOT analysisSTENGTHSIt is the largest media and entertainment company in the world and it owns 11 theme par ks and various channels Disney is one(a) of the major Hollywood studios Disney employed 150,000 people An innovative development society employees generate and implement ideas fast transfer of knowledge and expertise across the marketsGlobal Standards are highly implemented and adopted Very popular brand around the globe high brand awareness among the people through logo and popularity Strategy of differentiation with a very diversified portfolio Experience in international operations and developmentDisney has US $62, 497, 000, 000 assets Ranked 9th in the Top 100 Global Brands of 2011 WEAKNESSESHigh direct costsInstability in decision making change musical mode due to unbalances among SBUsPoor management controllingSeasonality park occupancyWorking conditions that are poor in the production fabricsNo true customer human relationship management due to innovation that demands continuityThe target client is mostly children, no range of segmentationAccusation for sexual referen ces in some of its animations Different welfare groups protest religion, fleshly (Disney Animal Kingdom)Poor management controllingReduces number of attractions only 16 out of 11 parks. OPPORTUNITIESBusiness development for different segments and in developing marketsFollow the market trends and social onesPossibility of increase in the number of attractions due to a new segmentationReduction in Operating costsDisney Television Advertising and Disney Channel MusicDisney management and training schoolOnline development TREATSSecurity difficulties in parks do of terrorismCope with the employee retentionAn increase in the competition in the industryIncrease in the competition due to technology advances and innovation both on domestic and international market beg for innovation on the market Economic and Financial Crisis Wages and labor costs will increase The SWOT analysis sheds light on the scene of the Walt Disney Company. It focuses both on core features / competencies but al so on the diversity of the corporations portfolio.The environment is highly competitive for the Walt Disney Company, but providing operations globally enables the existence of an efficiency related to the speed the information of knowledge travels around the company from unit to unit. This one of the most important features, and, thus strengths of the core competences Disney supports, because it reduces the running(a) costs. Thus, the company benefits from an intensive transfer of expertise across diverse markets. By being constantly up-dated with the new technologies and innovations and by disposing of an impressive amount of knowledge, the Walt Disney Company also benefits from continuous innovation. This is fostered also by the politics of the company that allows employees the direct participation in both generating and implementing new innovative solutions across businesses.Another important strength is the perplex in international operations that sustains the brand awareness and enables the development of local knowledge, which defines synergies over strategic business units along with the existent learning curve. In damage of diversity, Disney covers a portfolio of various activities with a wide-ranging interest and this structuration protects the company from different conditions and instabilities on the markets, therefore a balanced portfolio provides security. Another important strength is the fact that Disney Corporation provides a really influent Media network that allows the company share and benefit from good image communication.For instance the ESPN Radio, the Disney Television Networks that increased group cabbage in the first quarter of 2011 due to strong advertising, the Toon Channel and many other entertaining shows that the group broadcasts. In terms of weaknesses, the most aggressive one is the seasonality among customers related to the objective of park occupancy, which is fulfilled only during holydays and special events. This pattern makes the activity in parks more or less dependent on the seasonality. Alongside with the seasonality, another important aspect is the unbalances that occur among its SBUs in terms of profits, cash flows and operating costs. Nevertheless, this is a cause of seasonality, but it also reflects the poor management controlling at the group level.The opportunities are very large at the size of a group as Disney Corporation and if the strategic decisions are prize the company can benefit from new markets, increase in advertising (which is also sustained by the Segmented Results of 2011), differentiation in strategy and use of new developed technologies in order to maintain innovation. One of the main treats of Disney would be to cope with the employee retention which is strongly connected to the employee performance evaluation and the way according to which the Walt Disney Company aligns its goals / strategy with its employees needs. As customers have a direct influence over companys prof itability, it is important to maintain a good communication flow and to built ways that could provide Disney strong analysis of customer satisfaction and feedback.

Impact of Globalization on Culture

Impact of Globalization on Culture People around the globe be more connected to each other today than ever before in the history of mankind. Information and money flow more quickly than ever. Goods and operate produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in all in all parts of the world. International travel is more frequent. International discourse is commonplace. We live in an intensely interdependent world in which all the earths peoples with their immense differences of refining and historical experience are compressed together in instant communication.We face today a world of almost infinite promise which is also a world of terminal danger. This phenomenon has been titled Globalization. Indian purification which in effect means Hindu culture, Hindu religion, Hindu society, Hindu civilization, Hindu way of life are under the lethal threat of the unpitying forces of Globalization today. What went by the name of Colonialism in classical history textbooks prod uced in the days of British Raj has been replaced today by the synonym of Globalization.The unbridled expansion of westerly culture has continued at an accelerated rate along with the denigration and decline of Hindu culture, civilization, religion, art, literature and customs. This raw(a) Colonialism has taken on several new faces or rather put on new masks. It cleverly masquerades itself through labels and slogans like democracy, humanitarian rights, gender equality, internationalism, free trade and humanitarianism. In the name of modernization and Globalization it pretends to be uplifting peoples whom it is really exploiting.This is not very different in either kind or intent from old Western Colonialism British Imperialism in the Indian context which vaunted itself as the benign bringer of Civilization and culture to the uncivilized world. It was given the glorious title of White Mans Burden. What has been its impact on culture in India? Every educated Indian seems to belie ve that no social function in Hindu India, past or surrender, is to be approved unless recognized and recommended by an countenance authority in the West.There is an all-pervading presence of a positive, if not worshipful, attitude towards everything in western society and culture, past as well as present in the name of progress, reason and science. Nothing from the West is to be rejected unless it has first been weighed and found wanting by a Western evaluation. Swamy Vivekananda foresaw the dangers of Globalization as early as in 1893 when he spoke at the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago. To quote his soul-stirring words Shall India die?Then, from the world all spirituality will be extinct, all sweet-souled sympathy for religion will be extinct, all ideality will be extinct and in its place will reign the duality of lust and luxury as the male and female deities, with money as its priest, fraud, force, and competition its ceremonies, and human soul its sacrifice. Such a thing can never be. Precisely such a terrible thing is taking place in India today on account of the inexorable and perpetual process of Globalization.

A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams

Blanche Dubois, the protagonist in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire play seeks to reside with Stella Kowalski, her sister, but Stanley Kowalski, Stellas husband, is against the humor. Blanche used to live at her parents home in Mississippis Laurel area but the mansion has been foreclosed due to an owing(predicate) mortgage. She therefore desperately seeks shelter at her New Orleans sisters home.Blanches disdainful and contemptuous attitude however defecates Stanley oppose the idea of hosting her from the very drivening. For example, although Blanche is currently a hopeless destitute, she looks at Stanleys modest home with utter scorn (Williams 6).Blanches delusional class considerations prevent her from acknowledging that she is at the moment at the mercy of the Kowalskis. She thus demonstrates derision towards the Kowalski house that makes Stanley to immediately dislike her. Blanches ridiculously fantastic reasoning even makes her try to entice Stella to leave Stanl ey.Blanche holds that Stanley is that Stella is of a higher well-disposed status than Stanley. This is clearly a preposterous argument based on the existing facts (Jerz 35). If at all in that location are suitable men who can rescue Stella from Stanley, then it beats sense to imagine that Blanche has come to seek shelter at Stellas place.Blanche should get in fact gone to one of those high-class men and thus avoid becoming the desperate destitute she currently is. Williams thus uses Blanche to illustrate the thwarting that a blind loyalty to class and social distinctions causes to people.To begin with, Stanleys justified hatred for Blanche makes Blanches life become increasingly hard. As an illustration, Stanley hosts a poker game tournament whereby a number of his colleagues come to play. It then occurs that Mitch, one of Stanleys friends becomes smitten by Blanche and the two begin an affair. Stanley does not however want all of his friends to be associated in any way with Bl anche.To demonstrate his utter disgust towards Blanche, Stanley violently disrupts a rendezvous that Mitch is having with Blanche in Stanleys bedroom. Stanley even offers Blanche a bus ticket to Mississippi to demonstrate that she is essentially unwelcome in his house. To make matters worse, Stanley investigates Blanches past life, which is ugly, and relates all the details to Mitch.This situation makes Mitch to tell Blanche to her face that he cannot marry her. Blanches contemptuousness has thus led to her losing a promising marriage mate who would potentially rescue her from her financial quagmire (Clum 126).Afterwards, a clearly deluded Blanche boastfully tells Stanley that she is soon leaving the Kowalski residence with a millionaire boyfriend named Shep Huntleigh. Since Stella is just about to have a baby, Stanley briefly puts deflection his disdain for Blanche and suggests that the two have a party. Blanche however brushes rudely aside Stanleys suggestion. This dev elopemen t causes tension between Blanche and Stanley (Griffies 120). In the ensuing events, Stanley rapes Blanche.This rape ordeal is authoritative because it mainly results from Blanches contemptuous character. Had she agreed to engage in merrymaking with Stanley instead of showing disrespect to him, Stanley would not likely have raped her. A new twist is introduced to the play because Blanche cannot convince anyone that Stanley actually raped her. It is implausible how someone can rape someone whom they hate as Stanley detests Blanche. It is thus fake that Blanche has gone mad and that she should be confined in an asylum for mad persons.Again, Blanches disdainful attitude is causing her problems because not body is giving her any attention regarding her raping by Stanley. Stella is at the forefront in arranging fir Blanche to be whisked away. The presumably man girl is thus taken away to an asylum. Williams has thus shown that wishful thinking and cosmetic class distinctions usually hav e disastrous results.In addition, through the play, Williams presents three important social lessons. Firstly, he demonstrates that artificial class distinctions that make different-class people not interact are improper.This is because Stellas marriage to Stanley seems to go on smoothly despite the fact that the two are of quire varied social classes. Stanley is of a lower class than Stella. The couple however has a fairly uneventful marriage life with the exception of the incidence when Stanley hits Stella mainly due to Blanches influence.Secondly, Williams seeks to urge people against adopting an escapist stance of entertaining ridiculous thoughts so as to mentally escape from objectiveity. Blanche is a perfect illustration of this concept. Her wild illusions prevents her from pass judgment that she is indeed needy and has to put up with any situation that comes her way. She thus offends Stanley, an aspect that leads to her sad demise. Stanley is angry that Blanche disdainfully looks down upon his lowly status.Moreover, Williams seeks to inform readers that real love knows no bounds through Stella and Stanleys marriage. Stella truly loves Stanley despite the fact that the couple is of humble means. Even after she is beaten, Stella warmly embraces Stanley. Stanley also loves Stella as is evident from the loving embrace he gives his wife at the end of the play (Timm 154). Works CitedClum, John M. Still Acting Gay Male crotchet in Modern Drama. New York Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.Griffies, W. Scott. A Streetcar Named Desire and Tennessee Williams Object-Relational Conflicts. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 4. 2 (2006) 110-27.Jerz, Dennis G. Technology in American Drama, 1920-1950 brain and Society in the Age of the Machine. New York Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.Timm, Larry M. The Soul of Cinema An Appreciation of Film Music. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA Prentice Hall, 2003.Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire. Jordan Hill, Oxford, UK Heinemann education Publishers, 1995.

Marvin Bower

The late Marvin Bower, who transformed McKinsey & Co. into one of the best management consulting firms in the world, said that the ability to inspire and command workers to be their best is the greatest resource of any business, and that the rewards for doing so include growth for the business itself, and growth in competitive position, size, and profits (Edersheim, 2004, p. 65). Much literature ab come to the fore theories of need and work relate to the subject of inspiring employees to do their best (Gagne and Deci, 2005 Ambrose and Kulik, 1999). This paper explores how managers can use theories of motivating employees to make the workplace meliorate, to a greater extent profitable, and efficient.A managers job is to get things done through their employees, so knowing how to motivate employees is always a challenge that has never been easy. some(prenominal) changes driven by worldwide social and economic forces are happening at the workplace. The end of the Cold War in the ea rly 1990s and the globalization of businesses are transforming corporations public and private, large and small in a radical way (Stiglitz, 2002). Global competition and the rise of democracy are pressuring companies to be more competitive, agile, and lean, changing the genius of organisational structures and the relationships between managers and workers (Micklethwait & Wooldridge, 2000).Another change agent is the progress of information and communications technology, especially the Internet and mobile computing, which has altered the nature of communication within the transcription and the quality of the workforce. Workers are more educated and knowledgeable, able to gain quick access to information and perform knowledge-based tasks in an airwave of teamwork and collaboration (Heerwagen, Kelly, & Kampshroer, 2005). As the workplace structure and the workers themselves change, management faces the problem posed by Gerstner (2002) after a successful ten-year suit to bring IBM Corporation out of a crisis-How do you pull back the levers of motivation to change the attitudes, behavior, and thinking of a population? Of course, different people are motivated by different things. approximately by money. or so by advancement. Some by recognition. For some, the most effective motivation is fear or anger. For others, that doesnt (sic) work its takeing, or the prospect to make an impact, to see their efforts produce concrete results. Most people can be roused by the threat of extinction. And most can be inspired by a compelling vision of the future. Over the past ten years, Ive pulled most of those levers (p. 203).Effectively changing the attitudes, behavior, and thinking of workers demands that a manager knows what levers of motivation to pull in the first place.Much research has been done to identify empirically-proven theories and methods that managers can use to motivate their employees (Gagne and Deci, 2005, p. 333).Maslow proposed that a person is mot ivated by satisfying quintuple levels of human needs (1) physiological (hunger and thirst) (2) safety (bodily) (3) social (friendship and affiliation) (4) esteem (for oneself and others) and (5) self-actualization (growth and realization of potential) (Chapman, 2004a).Herzberg situated that work satisfaction results from the presence of hygiene factors like salary, status, working conditions, supervisor and management, security, relationship with subordinates, and policies, and motivational factors like achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, and personal growth. A worker will be satisfied if the motivation factors are met (Chapman, 2004c).According to Adamss faithfulness Theory, what workers put into their work (inputs) is fairly balanced with what they expect to get out of it (outputs). penury will get the most out of employee inputs like personal effort and hard work by making the employee see it balanced by outputs (salary, benefits, and intangib les like praise and achievement) (Chapman, 2004b).vrooms Expectancy Theory states that three factors should be present for motivation to take place valence (value placed on the expected reward), expectancy (belief that efforts are linked to proceeding), and instrumentality (belief that performance is related to rewards). discerning each employees valence and expectancy, and showing the instrumentality between the two, will help the manager trigger the motivation of the employee.Porter and Lawler built on Vrooms theory by proposing a model of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, which states that people are intrinsically motivated if they do something they find interesting and from which they derive satisfaction, and that people are extrinsically motivated if they do the activity because they are satisfied with the tangible or verbal rewards attached (Gagne and Deci, 2005, p. 331). Schwab (1985) equates this with Herzbergs motivation (intrinsic) and hygiene (extrinsic) factors neverth eless contemporary authors claim that it is closer to Vrooms Expectancy Theory (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999, p. 257).All these theories may be said to be based on muleteers reinforcement theory, which states that behavior can be shaped, changed or maintained through the use of positive and oppose reinforcement, implying that a person can fare in a certain way through the use of motivational levers.Motivation can be used to improve employee performance and productivity. As Bruce and Pepitone (1999, pp. 38-42) menses out, employees can be motivated to do their work better, that is, improve their work performance, and to work more efficiently and more effectively, that is, improve their productivity. One way is to consider information (like profit and loss or quality of service) on how your de naval divisionment is doing in comparison with others in or outside the company. Asking employees to help you figure out a problem appeals to their need for self-actualization (Maslow) and help s them set high personal standards of growth and potential. You may motivate them with bonuses (Vrooms rewards or Adamss outputs) they will get if performance improves. Use the tools depending on what you think your employees need. This first step can make your employees want to improve their performance and be more productive.Getting employees warmed up is good, but it is not exuberant. After getting them initially motivated, the manager has to help each one establish and achieve higher goals. Motivation can be a useful tool in goal- ground by pointing out targets that will bring employees out of their comfort zones to attain personal growth. Hiam (1999, pp. 213-216), warning us against puzzling goal-setting sessions with employee manipulation, states that the motivational key is to make employee realize that aiming for a higher goal is good for different reasons, presenting both tangible (pay raise and bonus) and intangible (self-esteem and personal growth) rewards.Some employees are motivated by financial rewards, but many are equally motivated by seeing that their work is meaningful (Hiam, 1999, p. 222). In discussing the rewards of work, Bruce and Pepitone (1999, p.53) state that if employees are properly motivated and helped by their managers to aim for higher goals and succeed in achieving it, employees will feel that the work they do is fun and enjoyable, making it part of the reward itself that they are willing to share with the organization. In effect, work becomes its own reward.Heller (1998, p.43) adds that motivation is a useful tool not only when setting higher work performance goals but in assessing the success or failure of employee efforts. Employee evaluation and assessment can be a forum for progress motivation in two areas to encourage the employee to build on strengths and accomplishments, leading the way for higher levels of future performance, or for helping the employee overcome personal weaknesses that adherence job performance.Thro ugh the use of positive reinforcement (praise and encouragement for success and achievement) and negative reinforcement (suggestions for improvement or behavioral change), managers can sustain organizational morale and help employees overcome falling enthusiasm or a lack of personal ambition. Hiam (1999, p. 122) notes that positive feedback (You can do it because youre good enough ) is more motivating than negative feedback (Why cant you do something that others can?) and encourages managers to use positive reinforcement to build up employee motivation and morale, although negative reinforcement (not the same as negative feedback) may be helpful for disciplining or correcting employees.Boosting self-confidence is one of the best ways to maintain high levels of motivation in employees (Bruce & Pepitone, 1999, p. 114). The reason is that people grow in confidence when they see that someone, especially one in a position of authority, believes in them. This creates expectations that, as we learn from Vroom and Porter, motivate people. Therefore, a manager who believes in his employees can sustain high levels of motivation. Doing the opposite (showing lack of confidence and trust) can be fatal for the organization and the career of a manager whose task is to motivate and, therefore, trust and believe in his employees.It is a scientifically-proven fact that men and women are different (Ridley, 1999). They differ as well as in their motivation styles. Several studies (Su and Bradberry, 2004 Marano, 2003 Sachs, 1995) show how women and men differ (for example, women are more intuitive and perceptive, while men are more systematic and rules-based) in their communication and social skills, vital for the process of motivation. While men find it easier to motivate using the basic needs and tangible rewards, and women may be better at using higher level needs and intangible factors, all good managers, regardless of gender, should combine the ability to motivate using all the tools usable (Gerstner, 2002 Sachs, 1995).ReferencesAmbrose, M. L. & Kulik, C. T. (1999). Old friends, new faces motivation research in the 1990s. Journal of Management. 25, 231-292.Bruce, A. and Pepitone, J. (1999). Motivating Employees. New York McGraw-Hill.Chapman, A. (2004a). Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http//www.businessballs.com/maslow.htmChapman, A. (2004b). Adams Equity Theory. Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http//www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htmChapman, A. (2004c). Frederick Herzbergs Motivational Theory. Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http//www.businessballs.com/herzberg.htmEdersheim, E. H. (2004). McKinseys Marvin Bower. Vision, Leadership, and the launching of Management Consulting. (pp. 41-65). New Jersey John Wiley.Gagne, M. and Deci, E.L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 26, 331-362. Retrieved NovemberGerstner, L. V. Jr. (2002). Who Says Elephants Cant Dance? (p. 203). New York HarperCollins.Heerwagen, J., Kelly, K., and Kampshroer, K. (2005). The changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace. National Institute of Building Sciences. Retrieved November 12, 2005, from http//www.wbdg.org/design/chngorgwork.phpHeller, R. (1998). Essential Managers Motivating People. (1st American ed.) D. Tombesi-Walton (Ed.). New York DK.Hiam, A. (1999). Streetwise Motivating and Rewarding Employees. Holbrook, MA Adams.Marano, H. E. (July-August 2003). The New arouse Scorecard. Psychology Today. Retrieved November 15, 2005, from http//www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-2832.htmlMicklethwait, J. and Wooldridge, A. (2000). A Future Perfect. The Challenge and Hidden Promise of Globalization. (pp. 122-139). New York Crown.Ridley, M. (1999). Genome, The autobiography of a species in 23 chapters. (pp. 216-218). New York HarperCollins.Sachs, M. (1995). Men and women communication styles. Retrieved November 14, 2005, from http//ohioline.osu .edu/hyg-fact/5000/5280.htmlSchwab, D. P. (1985). Motivation in Organizations. In L. R. Bittel and J. E. Ramsey (Eds.), Handbook for Professional Managers. (p. 585). New York McGraw-Hill.Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and its Discontents. (pp. 21-22). London Penguin.Su, L. D. and Bradberry, T. (2004). EQ and Gender Women Feel Smarter. Retrieved November 15, 2005, from https//www.talentsmart.com/media/uploads/EQ_and_Gender.pdfWikipedia (2005). Retrieved November 12, 2005, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Healthy People Essay

1. Explain the use of each of the six phases of the care for process. The treat process consists of six dynamic and interrelated phases assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation and valuation2. List the elements of each of the six phases of the treat process Asses- gather information about the clients condition, Diagnose-identify the clients problems, plan and identify outcomes- set goals of care and coveted outcomes and identify appropriate nursing actions, Implement- perform the nursing actions identified in planning, Evaluate- Determine if goals met and outcomes acheived3. tell the establishment of the databaseWhen you have obtained the history and completed the physical inquiry with accuracy, you have the needed information to establish a database ( a large store or bank of information)4. Discuss the steps used to formulate a nursing diagnosisA nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgement about individual, family, or community responses about act ual or voltage health problems/life processes.5. Differentiate between types of health problemsIt is important to distinguish collaborative problems and medical diagnoses from nursing diagnoses. these two types of problems are defined and discussed separately6. Describe the development of patient centered outcomesThe nurse develops expected outcomes for the established nursing diagnosis. A patient outcome statement provides a description of the particularized, measurable air that the patient will be able to exhibit in a given time frame following the interventions.7. Discuss the creation of nursing ordersBecause nursing interventions offered in textbooks and care planning manuals are often broad, general statements that indicate an activity to be performed it is often necessary to convert these nursing interventions to more specific instructional statements8. Explain the evaluation of a nursing care planEvaluation is determination made about the extent to which the established ou tcomes have been achieved9. turn out the nursing process by preparing a nursing care plan Completing the initial assessment, analyzing the data, writing the nursing diagnoses, selecting outcomes, and selecting appropriate nursing interventions, it is the nurses responsibility to communicate the detailed plan of care for the patient10. Explain north american nursing diagnosis association international (nanda-i), nursing interventions categorisation (NIC), and nursing outcomes classification (NOC) NANDA-approved an official definition for nursing diagnoses, This standardized language, developed at the university of iowa encourages enhanced communication between nurses about nursing intervenions. NOC which measures the effects of nursing care, is the effort of a group of researchers working at the university of iowa.11. Describe the use of clinical pathways in managed careA clinical pathway is a multi disciplinary plan that schedules clinical interventons over an anticipated time fr am for high-risk, high volume, high-cost type of cases.12. Discuss critical thinking in nursingCritical thinking for nursing as a discipline- specific reflective reasoning process that guides a nurse in generating implementing, and evaluating approaches for dealing with client care and professional concerns.13. Define evidenced-based utiliseThe use of research to determine best practices, or the interventions or approaches to patient care that will have the best impact on patient outcomes. In contrast, professionals in the past used educational knowledge, consultation with peers and specialists, and their own experiences to make decisions about patient care and to select interventions.

Four planes of development age 6 to 12 by Dr. Maria Montessori. Essay

Absorbent mind first plane of phylogenesis where the pincer has the potentiality to absorb large amounts of information with ease, as they are sensitive to specific skills characteristic distinguishing feature or qualities of something puerility evolution Child instruction refers to the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human bes amidst birth and the end of adolescence emotional development the development of a full range of emotions from sad to quick-witted to angry, and filling to deal with them admitly. fine motor is the action involving the small muscles of the hands, as in handwriting, sewing or knitting. Four planes of development Dr. Montessori saw the human being going through four planes, or gifts, of development with each plane having unique characteristics and opportunities for l understanding gross motor.Gross motor involves the large muscles of the body, as in walking, running or swimming. intellectual development being capable of an alysing understanding and evaluating concepts to make sense out of the world around them moral sense the business leader to distinguish between right and wrong. physical development is the development of the body and organs. prosocial behaviour or voluntary behaviour in hunt downed to derive another, consists of actions which benefit other people or society as a whole, such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering social development refers to an alteration in the social order of a society this may include nature, social institutions, social behaviours, or socialrelations spiritual development is a journey in maturity of an privates identity from spiritual infancy to spiritual adulthood. In this process, the secular mind decreases as the sacred increases through a series of disciplines.In this pedantic paper we are going to look at the child age six to twelve and the characteristic the child posses in ane of four planes of development by Dr. Maria Montesso ri. Within this plane of development I will be explaining physical, social, emotional, spiritual and cognitive development of the child and how this develops throughout childhood. For many children, these historic period from six to twelve are the glory years a time of calm and steady get downth and expansion of interests. At this development plane called childhood development or the age of serenity-rudeness (notes, 4th February, Connelly A) children experience a major transformation. This transformation leads from the sponge-like absorbent mind of early childhood to the precedenting, thinking adult mind. What I understand is that the absorbent mind, learning happened al just about automatically, hardly the reasoning mind needs to be consciously somewhat forced in to the learning process. low gear we are going to look at physical development of the child between 6 and 12 years. Physical growth everywhere all is backward but still steady, this is the time where girls are genera lly taller than boys. Another gender difference is that boys out preform girls in certain physical proletariat. Girls may excessively out preform boys in some tasks. Muscle coordination and control are uneven and incomplete in the early stages, but children be enter almost as coordinated as adults by the end of middle childhood. Gross motor development is one factor that improves at this stage because of the muscle co-ordination and strength that develops over time.(Bailey, D.R. iTunesU) There are some known gross motor deferences between genders that is, girls are original in accuracy movements as where boys are superior in forceful, less complex task. All this deferences between boys and girls begin to emerge and they notice that they are not the same. Fine motor skills improves rapidly at this age, they learn to use their hands independently and at the end of the middle childhood stage they sport mastered this skill and continue to use this throughout adolescence.(Bailey, D.R . iTunesU).Children may also over estimate their physical abilities and take risk insome tasks.(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) Children at this stage uses high energy levels and are in most cases really active.(notes, 4 February. Connelly. A) I believe that may be one of the reasons that children between the age of 6 and 12 need more(prenominal) sleep. Intense action mechanism may bring tiredness. Children need around 10 to 11 hours of sleep each night There are a lot of factors that play a role in the physical development of a child at this age nutrition, health and deceases, genetic factors, stress, hormone play a role in the physical development(Bailey, D.R. iTunesU). Talking about physical development I notice that there is some connections between this and social, emotional, intellectual and spiritual development. Statistics shows us that Physical draw one of 6 popularity settings in a social environment the others are prosocial behaviour, assertiveness but not aggressiveness, outgo ing personality, self control, ability to enter a group and initiate interactions.(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) To be social is a way of life and a basic need for any human.According to Erik Eriksons social development studies this age group fall in to stage 4 namely the industry vs inferiority.(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) What I understand about the industry vs inferiority stage is that they earn a sense of accomplishment and pride in their abilities but at the same time needs encouragement and in some ways to be praised or to just be acknowledge. The question of good and evil comes into the light of consciousness as a special characteristic of this age.(The absorbent mind, pg. 138) This mover that the child spend a penny a good sense of right and wrong and also believe in strong morals. The child creates them selfs and there personality or character in this stage of development. The period from 6 years is therefore the most important part of life regarding character too, since here it is f ormed.(The absorbent mind, pg. 138) In the social setting the child has a herd instinct, they tend to follow a group. Friend become important at this stage.Females tend to hold back fewer but closer friends then males. They generally have several best friends but will tend to exactly spend time with one or two at a time.(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) There is a sense of freedom and independence as there is some separation between the parents and the child e.g. sleep overs.(notes, 4 February. Connelly. A) In social circle intimacy and similarity play an important role in the age 6 to 12 when it comes to friendships between children for they understand one another and is therefor emotional support .(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU). Emotional development children are very sensitive especially criticism but jet they are critical of them selves, They can be reach outy, irritable, and very aware of being treated unfairly. They also have a strong moral sense. their moods may change easily. they appear to be more cautious and less impulsive and self centred. (notes, Connelly. A)As I noticed in middle childhood girls tend to be more interested in self-improvement and has worries and fears relative to school and friends. In a spiritual sense of development the child seems to be more observant and interacts with the world in search of the answer of where they fit in in this world.(notes, Connelly. A) It is a revelation of the spiritual man to know, to love and to serve. It comes only by ones own experience and development, not through preaching. in this statement by Maria Montessori in The absorbent mind pg. 162. I believe that spiritual development can only be practiced by oneself and that your own actions grow your spirality. This actions can be creativity, to be observant, relationships , looking for reason and awakening of ones self and inner-being. (notes, Connelly. A)Talking about reason, in this childhood development sage intellectual development is all about logic and the act ive and appropriate use. Piaget theory states that the child is at the concrete operation stage.(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) The concrete operation stage in my opinion means to be able to feel, tracing and manipulate the task at hand and makes it easer to understand the logic behind it. Piaget also states that the child acquires mental ability of seriation, classification, concentration this allows for logical thinking.(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) At this stage the children also learn and build their skills to think without concrete materials and use their imaginations moving from concrete to abstract(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) The child also develops the skills and concept of reversibility this is where the child does a task and can go backwards to see and understands the process more clearly.The child can now see the relations of other people and there auspicate of view in other words they can take multiple aspects into account.(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) The child understands the feeling of empa thy and is more desiring. Developmental physiologist suggest that the difficulty children prospect in solving problems in preschool may stem from memory limitation and not cognitive (Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU) the child has the ability but not thememory and in the undermentioned development plane they attain this skill. Thus the child has an increase ability to handle information and short term memory improves(Dr. Meyer, J. iTunesU). for instance when the memory improves the acquaintance improves. The secret of good teaching is to regard the childs intelligence as a fertile field in which seeds may be sown, to grow under the heat of flaming imagination.Our aim therefore is not merely to make the child understand, and still less to force him to memorise, but so to touch his imagination as to enthuse him to his inmost core. (To educate the human potential, pg. 15) It has been found that during this period, the child can submit to the mental work necessary in schools. He understands wha t a teacher says and he has enough patience to listen and to learn. During this whole period, he is constant in his work, as well as strong in health. It is because of these characteristics that this period is considered as the most profitable for imparting culture. (The Absorbent Mind, pg.17) Children can deal with and understand more complicated concepts and ideas. They make conclusions based on things they have learned in the past.(notes, Connelly. A) The child at the stage has a really good imagination and is really curious about the world around them they have a global view and this should be seen as a chance to use that to the best advantage to learn as learning does not come automatically.(notes 4 February. Connelly, A)The outcome of this academic paper gave us and insight in to the child age six to twelve. We noticed that there are many aspects of the child and that it is a complex study. Each stage in life is a time of growth. Childhood is a time to link dependence with ind ependence. children in this development stage are exploring their future potential they are expanding there world outwards. All that we can do as adults is to be role models for them and to encourage them in any way possible.BibliographyBailey, D.R. 2011. PSYC 209. Life cycle development. iTunes U Connelly, A. 4 February 2013. Lecture notes, methodology.Dr. Meyer, J. 2013. Lecture 17. Principals op human development, second state university. iTunes U Dr. Meyer, J. 2013. Lecture 18. Principals op human development, Missouri state university. iTunes U Dr. Meyer, J. 2013. Lecture 19. Principals op human development, Missouri state university.iTunes U Montessori, M. 1967. To educate the human potential, Clio Montessori series Kalakshetra PublicationsMontessori, M. 1949. The absorbent mind, Printed by C. Subbarayudu, at the Vasanta Press, The Theosophical Society, Adyar, Madras http//tsl.org/family/2010/06/montessori-for-ages-6-12/http//www.webmd.com/parenting/ clear/sleep-children

Convention on Road Traffice

CONVENTION ON ROAD TRAFFIC The on a lower floor wholeow in Parties, Desiring to drive on multinational somersaultingage flair dealing and to increase thorough morose the beaten track(predicate)gon safety through the adoption of uni mannikin relations rules, Have agreed upon the following edible Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS oblige 1 Definitions For the suggest of this regulation the following expressions sh all(prenominal) acquit the c get downs hereby assigned to them (a) The ho function servant ordinance of a promise fall iny gist the entire body of national or local laws and regulations in force in the ground of that spotting Party b) A fomite is verbalize to be in international calling in the grime of a assure if (i) (ii) (iii) It is owned by a natural or legal mortal normally re boldnessnt forth array that State It is non registered in that State and It is temporarily imported into that State provided, however, that a contract Party neatthorn refuse to regard as being in international art a fomite which has remained in its territory for more than than whiz year without a considerable interruption, the duration of which whitethorn be obstinate by that promise Party.A combination of fomites is verbalize to be in international trading if at least matchless of the fomites in the combination accommodates to the above definition (c) Built-up battlefield doer an bea with entries and exits signposted as much(prenominal), or an separate(prenominal)wise defined in interior(prenominal) canon -3- oddly (d) dealing Road room the entire surface of whatsoever delegacy or street forthright to public (e) Carriageway agency the part of a driveway normally use by vehicular barter a channel whitethorn comprise several carriageways nettly illuminated from one some oppositewise by, for example, a dividing strip or a difference of level (f)On carriageways where one or more side high roads or tracks ar tac i figure for use by plastered(p) vehicles, asperity of the carriageway mode, for opposite roadusers, the edge of the remainder of the carriageway (g) course of studyway bureau whatsoever one of the longitudinal strips into which the carriageway is divisible, whether or non defined by longitudinal road markings, which is wide enough for one piteous byplay of force vehicles other than motor round of drinkss (h) Intersection government agency both level crossoverroad, junction or fork, including the rude beas formed by much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) crossroads, junctions or forks (i) Level-crossing path whatsoever level intersection between a road and a railway system or cable tramway track with its own track formation (j) Motorway means a road peculiar(a)ly knowing and built for trading, which does non serve gracefulties bordering on it, and which motor (i) Is provided, take away at special points or temporarily, with separate carriageways for the twain educational activitys of traffic, separated from each other either by a dividing strip non think for traffic or, furtherionally, by other means (ii) Does not cross at level with any road, railway or tramway track, or footpath and iii) (k) Is specially signposted as a motorway A vehicle is said to be (i) Standing if it is stationary for the prison term needed to pick up or differentiate havewards mortals or to load or unload goods and (ii) Parked if it is stationary for any reason other than the need to avoid interference with another(prenominal) road-user or collision with an thwarter or to comply with traffic regulations, and if the period during which the vehicle is stationary is not limited to the time needed to pick up or set down persons or goodsNevertheless, it shall be open to undertake Parties to regard as stand up any vehicle which is stationary in spite of appearance the import of sub separate (ii) above for a period not portentous that fixed by domestic legislation, and to regard as park any vehicle which is stationary within the meaning of sub carve up (i) above for a period exceeding that fixed by domestic legislation -4- (l) Cycle means any vehicle which has at least two wheels and is propelled altogether by the muscular energy of the persons on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals or hand-cranks (m) Moped means any two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle which is fitted with an internal combustion engine having a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50 cc and a level best design fixture not exceeding 50 km (30 miles) per hour. Contracting Parties atomic number 18 free, however, not to regard as mopeds, under their domestic legislation, vehicles which do not stir the characteristics of a wheel with respect to their use, in particular the characteristic that they croup be propelled by pedals, or whose uttermost design commodenonball along, whose throne, or certain of whose engine characteristics exceed cert ain limits.Nothing in this definition shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties from treating mopeds exactly as cycles in applying the purvey of their domestic legislation regarding road traffic (n) Motor cycle means any two-wheeled vehicle, with or without a sidecar, which is equipped with a propulsive engine. Contracting Parties whitethorn also treat as motor cycles in their domestic legislation three-wheeled vehicles whose unladen mint does not exceed 400 kg. The term motor cycle does not include mopeds, although Contracting Parties may, rovided they make a declaration to this effect in conformity with expression 54, divide 2, of this meeting, treat mopeds as motor cycles for the purposes of the Convention (o) Power-driven vehicle means any self-propelled road vehicle, other than a moped in the territories of Contracting Parties which do not treat mopeds as motor cycles, and other than a rail-borne vehicle (p) Motor vehicle means any power-driven vehicle which is normally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods.This term embraces trolley-buses, that is to say, vehicles connected to an electric car conductor and not rail-borne. It does not cover vehicles, such as agricultural tractors, which ar only seasonably used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods (q) slug means any vehicle designed to be drawn by a power-driven vehicle and includes semi-trailers (r) Semi-trailer means any trailer designed to be coupled to a motor vehicle in such a way that part of it lays on the motor vehicle and that a substantial part of its mass and of the mass of its load is borne by the motor vehicle (s) Light trailer means any trailer of a permissible maximum mass not exceeding 750 kg (t) Combination of vehicles means coupled vehicles which go away on the road as a unit (u) Articulated vehicle me ans a combination of vehicles comprising a motor vehicle and semi-trailer coupled to the motor vehicle -5- (v) Driver means any person who drives a motor vehicle or other vehicle (including a cycle), or who guides cattle, singly or in herds, or flocks, or draught, pack or saddle animals on a road (w) Permissible maximum mass means the maximum mass of the laden vehicle declare permissible by the competent authority of the State in which the vehicle is registered (x) Unladen mass means the mass of the vehicle without crew, passengers or load, besides with a full supply of fuel and with the tools which the vehicle normally carries (y) stiff mass means the actual mass of the vehicle as loaded, with the crew and passengers on board z) educational activity of traffic and provide to the delegation of traffic mean the right-hand side if, under domestic legislation, the number one wood of a vehicle must quit an onrush vehicle to pass on his left differently these expressions mean th e left-hand side (aa) The requirement that a turn device number one wood shall leap way to other vehicles means that he must not continue or resume his advance or manoeuvre if by so doing he mogul compel the drivers of other vehicles to change the elbow room or speed of their vehicle abruptly. ARTICLE 2 prolongationes to the Convention The Annexes to this Convention, namely,Annex 1 Exceptions to the certificate of indebtedness to trailers in international traffic Annex 2 Registration number of international traffic motor Annex 3 Distinguishing sign of international traffic motor Annex 4 Identification marks of international traffic Annex 5 skilful intends concerning motor vehicles and trailers Annex 6 Domestic private road permit and Annex 7 International drive permit are integral parts of this Convention. -6- motor admit motor vehicles and vehicles and trailers in vehicles and trailers in vehicles and trailers in ARTICLE 3Obligations of the Contracting Parties 1. (a) C ontracting Parties shall take enamor measures to construe that the rules of the road in force in their territories conform in substance to the provide of Chapter II of this Convention. Provided that the said rules are in no way incompatible with the said feed (i) The said rules need not reproduce any of the said provender which are relevant to situations that do not arise in the territories of the Contracting Parties in question (ii) The said rules may include provisions not contained in the said Chapter II. (b)The provisions of this separate do not require Contracting Parties to provide penalties for any violation of those provisions of Chapter II which are reproduced in their rules of the road. 2. (a) Contracting Parties shall also take appropriate measures to ensure that the rules in force in their territories concerning the technical requirements to be snug by motor vehicles and trailers conform to the provisions of Annex 5 to this Convention provided that they are in no way contrary to the safety principles governing the provisions of Annex 5, the said rules may contain provisions not contained in Annex 5.Contracting Parties shall also take appropriate measures to ensure that motor vehicles and trailers registered in their territories conform to the provisions of Annex 5 to this Convention when entering international traffic. (b) The provisions of this paragraph do not impose any obligations on the Contracting Parties with respect to the rules in force in their territories concerning the technical requirements to be satisfied by power-driven vehicles which are not motor vehicles within the meaning of this Convention. 3.Subject to the exceptions provided for in Annex 1 to this Convention, Contracting Parties shall be bound to admit to their territories in international traffic motor vehicles and trailers which touch the chinks laid down in Chapter III of this Convention and whose drivers fulfil the conditions laid down in Chapter IV they shall a lso be bound to recognize fitting certificates issued in compliance with the provisions of Chapter III as prima facie evidence that the vehicles to which they refer fulfil the conditions laid down in the said Chapter III. 4.Measures which the Contracting Parties vex taken or may take, either unilaterally or under bilateral or three-sided agreements, to admit to their territories in international traffic motor vehicles and trailers that do not fill up all the conditions verbalise in Chapter III of this Convention and to recognize, in events other than those specified in Chapter IV, the validity in their territories of madcap permits issued in the territory of another Contracting Party shall be deemed to be in conformity with the disapprove of this Convention. -7- 5. Contracting Parties shall be bound to admit to their territories in nternational traffic cycles and mopeds which fulfil the technical conditions laid down in Chapter V of this Convention and whose drivers have th eir normal residence in the territory of another Contracting Party. No Contracting Party shall require the drivers of cycles or mopeds in international traffic to hold a campaign permit however, Contracting Parties which have declared in conformity with Article 54, paragraph 2, of this Convention that they treat mopeds as motor cycles may require the drivers of mopeds in international traffic to hold a control permit. bis. Contracting Parties will take the inevitable measures to ensure that road safety education be provided on a systematic and continuous basis, particularly in schools at all levels. 5 ter. Whenever driving instruction for learner drivers is provided by professional driving collapsements, domestic legislation shall lay down marginal requirements concerning the curriculum and the qualifications of the personnel responsible for providing such instruction. 6.Contracting Parties undertake to communicate to any Contracting Party, which may so request, the informatio n prerequisite to ascertain the identity of the person in whose name a power-driven vehicle, or a trailer coupled to such a vehicle, is registered in their territories if the request submitted shows that the vehicle has been involved in an incident or the driver of this vehicle has seriously infringed road traffic rules and is thereby liable to historic penalties or disqualification from driving in the territory of the Contracting Party submitting the request. . Measures which the Contracting Parties have taken or may take either unilaterally or under bilateral or multilateral agreements to speed international road traffic by simplifying Customs, law, health and other similar formalities or to ensure that Customs offices and posts at a inclined frontier point have the comparable competence and are unplowed open during the same hours shall be deemed to be in conformity with the object of this Convention. 8.Nothing in paragraphs 3, 5 and 7 of this Article shall affect the right of a Contracting Party to make the admission to its territory in international traffic of motor vehicles, trailers, mopeds and cycles, and of their drivers and occupants, subject to its regulations concerning the commercial carriage of passengers and goods, to its regulations concerning insurance of drivers against third-party risks, to its Customs regulations and, in general, to its regulations on matters other than road traffic. ARTICLE 4 Signs and signalsContracting Parties to this Convention which are not Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Signs and Signals opened for signature at Vienna on the same day as this Convention undertake that -8- (a) All road signs, traffic swinging signals and road markings installed in their territory shall form a coherent system and shall be designed and find in such a way as to be easily recognizable (b) The number of types of sign shall be limited and signs shall be placed only at points where they are deemed useful (c)Danger ide al signs shall be installed at a sufficient infinite from obstructions to gain drivers adapted warning (d) It shall be verboten (i) To affix to a sign, to its fight down or to any other traffic see to it device anything not related to the purpose of such sign or device if, however, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thence bring in a non-profit do association to install en bargeening signs, they may permit the emblem of that association to appear on the sign or on its support provided this does not make it less easy to understand the sign ii) To install any board, notice, marking or device which might be confused with signs or other traffic control devices, might redeem them less visible or effective, or might dazzle road-users or distract their attention in a way prejudicial to traffic safety (iii) To install on pavements and verges devices or equipment which might unnecessarily obstruct the run intoment of go-carts, particularly elderly or disabled persons. Chapter I I RULES OF THE ROAD ARTICLE 5 Status of signs and signals 1.Road-users shall comply with the operating instructions conveyed by road signs, traffic light signals and road markings even if the said instructions appear to contradict other traffic regulations. 2. Instructions conveyed by traffic light signals shall take precedence over those conveyed by road signs regulating priority. ARTICLE 6 Instructions stipulation by reliable officials 1. When they are enjoin traffic, reliable officials shall be easily identifiable at a space, at night as well as by day. -9- 2.Road-users shall promptly officials directing traffic. obey all instructions accommodaten by authorized 3. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that directions given by authorized officials directing traffic shall include the following (a) Arm raised upright this gesture shall mean attention, erupt for all road-users except drivers who are no longer able to stop with sufficient safety further, if made at an intersection, this gesture shall not require drivers already on the intersection to stop (b)Arm or arms extended horizontally this gesture shall constitute a stop signal for all road-users approaching from any direction which would cut crosswise that indicated by the outstretched arm or arms after making this gesture, the authorized official directing traffic may lower his arm or arms this gesture shall to a fault constitute a stop signal for drivers in front of or behind the official (c) light red light this gesture shall constitute a stop signal for road-users towards whom the light is directed. 4.The instructions given by authorized officials directing traffic shall take precedence over those conveyed by road signs, traffic light signals and road markings, and over traffic regulations. ARTICLE 7 General rules 1. Road-users shall avoid any doings likely to en enperilment or obstruct traffic, to endanger persons, or to cause damage to public or private property. 2. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that road-users shall not obstruct traffic or risk making it dangerous by throwing, depositing or leaving any object or substance on the road or by creating any other obstruction on the road.If road-users have been unable to avoid creating an obstruction or danger in that way, they shall take the indispensable steps to re act it as currently as potential and, if they cannot remove it immediately, to warn other road-users of its presence. 3. Drivers shall show special care in relation to the or so vulnerable road-users, such as uninterestings and cyclists and in particular children, elderly persons and the disabled. 4. Drivers shall take care that their vehicles do not anesthetise road-users or the occupants of properties bordering on the road, for example, by create noise or raising dust or smoke where they can avoid doing so. . The wearing of safety belts is compulsory for drivers and passengers of motor vehicles, oc cupying seats equipped with such belts, deliver where exceptions are granted by domestic legislation. 10 ARTICLE 8 Drivers 1. Every base vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver. 2. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that pack, draught or saddle animals, and, except in such special field of views as may be marked at the entry, cattle, singly or in herds, or flocks, shall have a driver. . Every driver shall possess the incumbent physical and mental ability and be in a fit physical and mental condition to drive. 4. Every driver of a power-driven vehicle shall possess the knowledge and skill required for driving the vehicle however, this requirement shall not be a bar to driving practice by learner-drivers in conformity with domestic legislation. 5. Every driver shall at all times be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals. ARTICLE 9 Flocks and herdsIt is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that, save where excep tions are granted to facilitate their mass safari, flocks and herds should be divided into sections of moderate length spaced sufficiently far apart for the convenience of traffic. ARTICLE 10 Position on the carriageway 1. The direction of traffic shall be the same on all roads in a State except, where appropriate, on the roads used solely or principally by through traffic between two other States. 2. Animals abject along the carriageway shall be kept as close as realizable to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. 3.Without prepossession to the provisions to the contrary of Article 7, paragraph 1, Article 11, paragraph 6, and to other provisions of this Convention to the contrary, every driver of a vehicle shall, to the extent permitted by pot, keep his vehicle just about the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions hence may lay down more precise rules concerning the bit of g oods vehicles on the carriageway. 4. Where a road comprises two or three carriageways, no driver shall take the carriageway find on the side opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic. 11 5. (a) On two-way carriageways having four or more alleys, no driver shall take the lanes situated entirely on the half of the carriageway opposite to the side appropriate to the direction of traffic. (b) On two-way carriageways having three lanes, no driver shall take the lane situated at the edge of the carriageway opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic. 6. Without preconceived opinion to the provisions of Article 11 and when an additive lane is indicated by a sign, drivers of vehicles moving silently shall use that lane. ARTICLE 11Overtaking and movement of traffic in lines 1. (a) Drivers expiration shall do appropriate to the direction of traffic. so on the side opposite to that (b) However drivers shall top on the side appropriate to the direction of tra ffic if the driver to be claspn has signalled his intention to turn to the side of the carriageway opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic and has moved his vehicle or animals over towards that side in order to turn to that side for the purpose of taking another road, to enter a property bordering on the road, or to stop on that side. 2.Before passage, every driver shall, without disfavor to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, or to those of Article 14, of this Convention, make sure (a) That no driver who is following him has begun to overtake him (b) That the driver ahead of him in the same lane has not given warning of his intention to overtake another (c) That he can do it without endangering or interfering with the oncoming traffic making sure in particular that the lane which he will enter is free over a sufficient distance and that the relative speed of the two vehicles allows overtaking within a sufficiently short time and d) That, except when using a lane closed to oncoming traffic, he will be able, without inconvenience to the road-user or road-users overtaken, to resume the set up orderd in Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention. 3. In pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, overtaking on two-way carriageways is in particular banned when approaching the crest of a hill and, if visibleness is inadequate, on bends, unless there are at these points lanes defined by longitudinal road markings and overtaking is carried out without leaving the lanes marked as closed to oncoming traffic. 4.When overtaking, a driver shall give the road-user or road-users overtaken a sufficiently wide berth. 12 5. (a) On carriageways with at least two lanes reserved for traffic moving in the direction in which he is proceeding, a driver who should be obliged, immediately or short after moving back to the position prescribed by Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention, to overtake again may, in order to perform that manoeuvre, and provided he makes sure he can do so without exuberant inconvenience to the drivers of faster vehicles approaching from behind, remain in the lane he has occupied for the first overtaking manoeuvre. b) However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to apply the provisions of this paragraph to the drivers of cycles, mopeds, motor cycles and vehicles which are not motor vehicles within the meaning of this Convention, or to the drivers of motor vehicles whose permissible maximum mass exceeds 3,500 kg or whose maximum speed, by design, cannot exceed 40 km (25 miles) per hour. 6.Where the provisions of subparagraph 5 (a) of this Article are applicable and the density of traffic is such that vehicles not only occupy the entire largeness of the carriageway reserved for traffic taking the direction in which they are moving but also are moving only at a speed which is governed by that of the vehicle preceding them in the line (a) Without prejudice to th e provisions of paragraph 9 of this Article, the movement of the vehicles in one line at a higher speed than that of those in another shall not be deemed to constitute overtaking within the meaning of this Article b) A driver not in the lane nearest to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic may change lanes only in order to prepare to turn right or left or to park however, this requirement shall not apply to changes of lane effected by drivers in accordance with domestic legislation resulting from the application of the provisions of paragraph 5 (b) of this Article. 7. When moving in lines as described in paragraphs 5 and 6 of this Article, drivers are prohibit, if the lanes are indicated on the carriageway by longitudinal markings, to yoke these markings. 8.Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article and to other restrictions which Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may lay down concerning overtaking at intersections an d at level-crossings, no driver of a vehicle shall overtake a vehicle other than a two-wheeled cycle, a two-wheeled moped or a two-wheeled motor cycle without side-car (a) except Immediately before or on an intersection other than a round astir(predicate), (i) In the case provided for in paragraph 1 (b) of this Article (ii) Where the road on which overtaking takes place has priority at the intersection iii) Where traffic is directed at the intersection by an authorized official or by traffic light signals 13 (b) Immediately before or on a level-crossing not equipped with gates or half-gates, provided however that Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free to permit such overtaking at a level-crossing where road traffic is modulate by traffic light signals incorporating a positive signal authorizing vehicles to proceed. 9. A vehicle shall not overtake another vehicle which is approaching a edestrian crossing marked on the carriageway or signposted as such, or which is halt immediately before the crossing, otherwise than at a speed low enough to enable it to stop immediately if a pedestrian is on the crossing. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from prohibiting overtaking within a prescribed distance from a pedestrian crossing, or from imposing stricter requirements on a driver of a vehicle proposing to overtake another vehicle halt immediately before such a crossing. 10.A driver who perceives that a driver following him wishes to overtake him shall, except in the case provided for in Article 16, paragraph 1 (b) of this Convention, keep close to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic and refrain from accelerating. If, owing to the narrowness, profile or condition of the carriageway, taken in coincidence with the density of oncoming traffic, a vehicle which is slow or bulky or is demand to wield a speed limit cannot be easily and safely overtake n, the driver of such vehicle shall slow down and if necessary extend in to t e side as soon as likely in order to allow vehicles following him to overtake. 11. (a) Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may, on unidirectional carriageways and on two-way carriageways where at least two lanes in built-up countrys and three lanes outback(a) built-up areas are reserved for traffic in the same direction and are indicated by longitudinal markings (i) Allow vehicles in one lane to overtake on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic vehicles in another lane and ii) Make inapplicable the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention provided that there are adequate restrictions on the possibility of changing lanes (b) In the case referred to in subparagraph (a) of this paragraph, without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 9 of this Article, the mien of driving provided for shall not be deemed to constitute overtaking within the meaning of this Conventio n.ARTICLE 12 Passing of oncoming traffic 1. When passing oncoming traffic, a driver shall leave sufficient lateral space and, if necessary, move close to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. If in so doing he finds his progress packd by an 14 obstruction or by the presence of other road-users, he shall slow down and if necessary stop to allow the oncoming road-user or road-users to pass. 2.On smoke roads and steep roads with characteristics similar to those of mountain roads, where the passing of oncoming traffic is impossible or difficult, it is the driver of the vehicle locomotion downhill who should pull in to the side of the road in order to allow any vehicle proceeding rising to pass, except where the arrangement of lay-bys to enable vehicles to pull in to the side of the road is such that, having regard to the speed and position of the vehicles, the vehicle proceeding uphill has a lay-by ahead of it and the need for one of the vehicles to annihilate could be avoided if the vehicle proceeding uphill pulled in to that layby.Where one of the two vehicles which are about to pass is obliged to reverse in order to make passing possible, this manoeuvre shall be performed by the driver of the vehicle proceeding downhill unless it can manifestly be more easily performed by the driver of the vehicle proceeding uphill. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may prescribe for certain vehicles or certain roads or sections of roads special rules differing from those laid down in this paragraph. ARTICLE 13 stop number and distance between vehicles 1. Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control so as to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manoeuvres required of him.He shall, when adjusting the speed of his vehicle, pay constant regard to the circumstances, in particular the lie of the land, the state of the road, the condi tion and load of his vehicle, the weather conditions and the density of traffic, so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction. He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require, and particularly when visibility is not good. 2. Domestic legislation shall establish maximum speed limits for all roads. Domestic legislation shall also determine special speed limits applicable to certain categories of vehicles encloseing a special danger, in particular by reason of their mass or their load. They may establish similar provisions for certain categories of drivers, in particular for new drivers. 3.The provisions set out in the first sentence of paragraph 2 may not apply to drivers of priority vehicles referred to in oblige 34, paragraph 2, or vehicles treated as such in domestic legislation. 4. No driver shall impede the normal progress of other vehicles by travelling abnormally slowly without prop er cause. 5. The driver of a vehicle moving behind another vehicle shall keep at a sufficient distance from that other vehicle to avoid collision if the vehicle in front should suddenly slow down or stop. 6. Outside built-up areas, in order to facilitate overtaking, drivers of vehicles or combinations of vehicles of more than 3,500 kg permissible maximum mass, or of more than 10 m overall length, shall, except when they are overtaking 15 r preparing to overtake, keep at such distance from power-driven vehicles ahead of them that other vehicles overtaking them can without danger move into the space in front of the overtaken vehicle. However, this provision shall not apply in very tedious traffic or in circumstances where overtaking is prohibited. In addition (a) The competent authorities may exempt certain conveys of vehicles from this provision, or may similarly make it inapplicable on roads where two lanes are allotted to traffic in the direction concerned (b) Contracting Partie s and subdivisions thereof may prescribe different figures from those given in this paragraph with respect to the vehicle characteristics concerned. ARTICLE 14 General requirements governing manoeuvres 1.Any driver wishing to perform a manoeuvre such as pulling out of or into a line of pose vehicles, moving over to the right or to the left on the carriageway, or turning left or right into another road or into a property bordering on the road, shall first make sure that he can do so without risk of endangering other road-users travelling behind or ahead of him or about to pass him, having regard to their position, direction and speed. 2. Any driver wishing to make a U-turn or to reverse shall first make sure that he can do so without endangering or impeding other road-users. 3. Before turning or before a manoeuvre which involves moving laterally, the driver shall give clear and sufficient warning of his intention by means of the direction-indicator or direction-indicators on his veh icle, or, failing this, by giving if possible an appropriate signal with his arm. The warning given by the direction-indicator or direction-indicators shall continue to be given throughout the manoeuvre and shall cease as soon as the manoeuvre is loved. ARTICLE 15 supererogatory regulations relating to regular public- bring service vehicles It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that in built-up areas, in order to facilitate the movement of regular public- exile service vehicles, the drivers of other vehicles shall, subject to the provisions of Article 17, paragraph 1, of this Convention, slow down and if necessary stop in order to allow the public-transport vehicles to perform the manoeuvre required for moving off from stops marked as such. The provisions thus laid down by Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall in no way affect the duty incumbent on drivers of public-transport vehicles to take, after having given warning by means of their direction-i ndicators of their intention to move off, the precautions necessary to avoid any risk of accident. 16 ARTICLE 16 Change of direction 1. Before turning right or left for the purpose of entering another road or entering a property bordering on the road, a driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, and of Article 14, of this Convention (a)If he wishes to turn off on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic, keep as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to that direction and make as tight a turn as possible (b) If he wishes to turn off on the other side, and subject to such other provisions as Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may enact for cycles and mopeds, move as close as possible to the centreline of the carriageway if it is a two-way carriageway or to the edge opposite to the side appropriate to the direction of traffic if it is a one-way carriageway and, if he wishes to enter another two-way road, make h is turn so as to enter the carriageway of such other road on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic. 2.While changing direction, the driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 21 of this Convention regarding pedestrians, allow oncoming vehicles on the carriageway he is preparing to leave, and cycles and mopeds moving on cycle tracks crossing the carriageway he is about to enter, to pass. ARTICLE 17 Slowing down 1. No driver of a vehicle shall brake abruptly unless it is necessary to do so for safety reasons. 2. Every driver intending to slow down to an appreciable extent shall, except where his slowing down is in response to an at hand(predicate) danger, first make sure that he can do so without danger or unwarranted inconvenience to other drivers.He shall also, unless he has made sure that there is no vehicle following him or that any following vehicle is a long way behind, give clear and timely warning of his intention by making an appropriate signal with his arm. However, this provision shall not apply if warning of slowing down in given by the vehicles stop lights, referred to in Annex 5, paragraph 31, of this Convention. ARTICLE 18 Intersections and obligation to give way 1. Every driver approaching an intersection shall exercise such extra care as may be appropriate to local conditions. Drivers of vehicles shall, in particular, drive at such a speed as to be able to stop to allow vehicles having the right of way to pass. 17 2. Every driver emerging from a path or an earth-track (dirt road) on to a road other than a path or an earth-track shall give way to vehicles travelling on that road.For the purposes of this Article the terms path and earth-track (dirt road) may be defined in domestic legislation. 3. Every driver emerging on to a road from a property bordering thereon shall give way to vehicles travelling on that road. 4. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 7 of this Article (a) In States where traffic keeps to the right the driver of a vehicle shall give way, at intersections other than those specified in paragraph 2 of this Article and in Article 25, paragraphs 2 and 4 of this Convention, to vehicles approaching from his right (b) Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof in whose territories traffic keeps to the left shall be free to regulate the right of way at intersections as they see fit. 5.Even if traffic light signals authorize him to do so, a driver shall not enter an intersection if the density of traffic is such that he will probably be obliged to stop on the intersection, thereby obstructing or preventing the passage of cross traffic. 6. A driver who has entered an intersection where traffic is regulated by traffic light signals may clear the intersection without waiting for the way to be opened in the direction in which he wishes to proceed, provided that this does not impede the progress of other road-users moving in the open direction. 7. Drivers of vehicles not moving on r unway shall give way to rail-borne vehicles. ARTICLE 19 Level-crossings Road-users shall exercise extra care in approaching and traversing levelcrossings. In particular (a)Every driver of a vehicle shall drive at a moderate speed (b) Without prejudice to the obligation to obey an instruction to stop given by a light signal or a sound signal, no road-user shall enter a levelcrossing at which the gates or half-gates are across the road or in process of being placed across the road, or at which the half-gates are in process of being raised (c) If a level-crossing is not equipped with gates, half-gates or light signals, no road-user shall enter it without making sure that no rail-borne vehicle is approaching (d) No driver shall enter a level-crossing without first ascertaining that he may not be obliged to stop on it 18 (e) vehicle is and, if he drivers ofNo road-user shall linger while traversing a level crossing if a compelled to stop, its driver shall endeavour to move it off the t rack, is unable to do so, immediately do everything he can to ensure that the rail-borne vehicles are warned of the danger in time. ARTICLE 20 Rules applicable to pedestrians 1. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to enforce the provisions of this Article except in cases where pedestrian traffic o the n carriageway would be dangerous or would obstruct vehicular traffic. 2. If, at the side of the carriageway, there are pavements (sidewalks) or competent verges for pedestrians, pedestrians shall use them. Nevertheless, if they take the necessary precautions (a)Pedestrians pushing or carrying bulky objects may use the carriageway if they would seriously inconvenience other pedestrians by manner of walking on the pavement (sidewalk) or verge (b) Groups of pedestrians led by cash advance may walk on the carriageway. a person in charge or forming a 3. If it is not possible to use pavements (sidewalks) or verges, or if none is provided, pedestrians may walk on the carriageway where there is a cycle track and the density of traffic so permits, they may walk on the cycle track, but shall not obstruct cycle and moped traffic in doing so. 4. Pedestrians walking on the carriageway in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall keep as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway. 5.It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide as follows pedestrians walking on the carriageway shall keep to the side opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic except where to do so places them in danger. However, persons pushing a cycle, a moped or a motor cycle, and groups of pedestrians led by a person in charge or forming a procession shall in all cases keep to the side of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. Unless they form a procession, pedestrians walking on the carriageway shall, by night or when visibility is poor and, by day, if the density of vehicular traffic so requires, walk in single f ile wherever possible. 6. (a) Pedestrians wishing to cross a carriageway shall not step on to it without exercising care they shall use a pedestrian crossing whenever there is one nearby. (b)In order to cross the carriageway at a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway (i) If the crossing is equipped with light signals for pedestrians, the latter shall obey the instructions given by such lights 19 (ii) If the crossing is not equipped with such lights, but vehicular traffic is regulated by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, pedestrians shall not step onto the carriageway while the traffic light signal or the signal given by the authorized official indicates that vehicles may proceed along it (iii) At other pedestrian crossings, pedestrians shall not step on to the carriageway without taking the distance and speed of approaching vehicles into account. (c)In order to cross the carriageway elsewhere than at a pedestrian cross ing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway, pedestrians shall not step on to the carriageway without first making sure that they can do so without impeding vehicular traffic. (d) Once they have started to cross a carriageway, pedestrians shall not take an unnecessarily long route, and shall not linger or stop on the carriageway unnecessarily. 7. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may impose stricter requirements on pedestrians crossing the carriageway. ARTICLE 21 Behaviour of drivers towards pedestrians 1. Every driver shall avoid deportment likely to endanger pedestrians. 2.Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, Article 11, paragraph 9, and Article 13, paragraph 1, of this Convention, where there is on the carriageway a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway (a) If vehicular traffic is regulated at that crossing by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, driver s forbidden to proceed shall stop short of the crossing or the transverse markings preceding it and, when they are permitted to proceed, shall not prevent or obstruct the passage of pedestrians who have stepped on to it drivers turning into another road at the entrance to which there is a pedestrian crossing shall do so slowly and give way, if necessary stopping for this purpose, to pedestrians already using, or about to use, the crossing (b)If vehicular traffic is not regulated at that crossing by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, drivers shall approach the crossing only at a speed low enough not to endanger pedestrians using, or about to use, it if necessary, they shall stop to allow such pedestrians to cross. 3. No provision of this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from 20 Requiring drivers of vehicles to stop in all cases when pedestrians are using, or about to use, a pedestrian crossing signposted as such o r indicated by markings on the carriageway in the conditions laid down in Article 20 of this Convention, orProhibiting them from preventing or obstructing the passage of pedestrians who are crossing the carriageway at or very near an intersection even if there is at that point no pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway. 4. Drivers intending to overtake, on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic, a public transport vehicle at a stop marked as such shall slow down and if necessary stop to allow passengers to board or alight from that vehicle. ARTICLE 22 Islands on the carriageway Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 10 of this Convention, a driver may pass to the left or to the right of islands, posts and other devices set up on the carriageway on which he is travelling, except in the following cases (a)Where the side on which the island, post or device shall be passed is indicated by a sign (b) Where the island, post or d evice is on the centre-line of a two-way carriageway in this case the driver shall keep to the side of the island, post or device corresponding to the direction of traffic. ARTICLE 23 Standing and set 1. Outside built-up areas, standing or parked vehicles and halted animals shall so far as possible be stationed elsewhere than on the carriageway. In and outside built-up areas they shall not be stationed on cycle tracks, on pavements or on verges specially provided for pedestrian traffic, save where applicable domestic legislation so permits. 2. (a)Animals halted and vehicles standing or parked on the carriageway shall be kept as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway. A driver shall not stand or park his vehicle on a carriageway save on the side appropriate, for him, to the direction of traffic nevertheless, standing or parking on the other side shall be permitted where standing or parking on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic is prevented by the presence of rail tracks. Moreover, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may (i) Refrain from prohibiting standing and parking on one side or the other in certain conditions, for instance where standing on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic is prohibited by road signs 21 (ii)On one-way carriageways, authorize standing and parking on the other side as well as or instead of on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic (iii) sack standing and parking in the middle of the carriageway at places specially marked (b) Save where domestic legislation provides otherwise, vehicles other than two-wheeled cycles, two-wheeled mopeds and two-wheeled motor cycles without side-car shall not stand or be parked two abreast on the carriageway. Standing or parked vehicles shall, unless the layout of the area permits otherwise, be placed tally to the edge of the carriageway. 3. (a) The standing or parking of a vehicle on the carriageway shall be prohibited (i)On pedestrian crossings, o n crossings for cyclists, and on level-crossings (ii) On tramway or railway tracks on a road or so close to such tracks that the movement of trams or trains might be impeded, and also, subject to the possibility for Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof to provide otherwise, on pavements and cycle tracks (b) The standing or parking of a vehicle at any point where it would constitute a danger shall be prohibited, more particularly (i) (ii) On the carriageway, close to the crests of hills, and on bends where visibility is not sufficient for the vehicle to be overtaken in complete safety, having regard to the speed of ehicles on the section of the road in question (iii) On a carriageway beside a longitudinal road marking, where subparagraph (b) (ii) of this paragraph does not apply but the width of the carriageway between the marking and the vehicle is less than 3 m and the marking is such that vehicles approaching it on the same side are forbidden to cross it (iv) At any place w here the vehicle would conceal road signs or traffic light signals from the view of road-users (v) (c) Save in such spaces as may be specially marked, under flyovers and in tunnels On an additional lane indicated by a sign for slowly moving vehicles The parking of a vehicle on the carriageway shall be prohibited (i)On approaches to level-crossings, to intersections and to bus, trolley-bus or rail-vehicle stops within the distances prescribed by domestic legislation 22 (ii) In front of vehicle entries to properties (iii) At any point where the parked vehicle would prevent access to another vehicle properly parked or prevent such other vehicle from moving out (iv) On the central carriageway of three-carriageway roads and, outside built-up areas, on the carriageways of roads marked as priority roads by appropriate signs. 4. A driver shall not leave his vehicle or his animals without having taken all suitable precautions to avoid any accident and, in the case of a motor vehicle, to pr event its unauthorized use. 5.It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide as follows every power-driven vehicle other than a two-wheeled moped or a two-wheeled motor cycle without side-car, and every trailer coupled or uncoupled shall when stationary on the carriageway outside a built-up area be signalled to approaching drivers at a sufficient distance by means of at least one appropriate device placed at the most suitable point to give them adequate advance warning (a) If the vehicle is stationary at night on the carriageway in circumstances such that approaching drivers cannot be aware of the obstacle which the vehicle constitutes (b) If the driver, in other cases, has been compelled to halt his vehicle at a place where standing is prohibited. 6. Nothing in this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from introducing other prohibitions on parking and standing. ARTICLE 24 Opening of doorsIt shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, to leave it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made sure that to do so cannot endanger other road-users. ARTICLE 25 Motorways and similar roads 1. On motorways and, if so provided in domestic legislation, on special approach roads to and exit roads from motorways (a) The use of the road shall be prohibited to pedestrians, animals, cycles, mopeds unless they are treated as motor cycles, and all vehicles other than motor vehicles and their trailers, and to motor vehicles or motor-vehicle trailers which are incapable, by virtue of their design, of attaining on a flat road a speed specified by domestic legislation 23 (b) Drivers shall be forbidden (i) (ii) 2. it. To have their vehicles standing or parked elsewhere than at arked parking sites if a vehicle is compelled to stop, its driver shall endeavour to move it off the carriageway and also off the flush verge and, if he is unable to do so, immediately signal the presence of the vehicle at a distan ce so as to warn approaching drivers in time To make U-turns, to travel in reverse, and to drive on to the central dividing strip, including the crossovers linking the two carriageways. Drivers emerging on to a motorway shall give way to vehicles travelling on If there is an acceleration lane, they shall use it. 3. A driver leaving a motorway shall move into the traffic lane appropriate to the motorway exit in good time and enter the deceleration lane, if there is one, as soon as he can. 4.For the purpose of the application of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article, other roads reserved for motor vehicle traffic, duly signposted as such and not affording access to or from properties aboard, shall be treated as motorways. ARTICLE 25 bis Special regulations for tunnels indicated by special road signs In tunnels indicated by the special road signs, the following rules shall apply 1. All drivers are forbidden (a) to reverse (b) to make a U-turn (c) purpose. to stop or to park a vehicle except at the places indicated for that 2. Even if the tunnel is lit, all drivers must switch on the driving or passing lamps. 3. In case of a elongate stoppage the driver must switch off the engine. ARTICLE 26Special rules applicable to processions and handicapped persons 1. It shall be prohibited for road-users to cut across troop columns, files of school-children accompanied by a person in charge, and other processions. 24 2. Handicapped persons travelling in invalid chairs propelled by themselves or moving at a walking pace may use pavements (sidewalks) and suitable verges. ARTICLE 27 Special rules applicable to cyclists, moped drivers and motor cyclists 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to prohibit cyclists from travelling two or more abreast. 2.It shall be prohibited for cyclists to ride without holding the handlebars with at least one hand, to allow themselves to b e towed by another vehicle, or to carry, tow or push objects which hamper their cycling or endanger other roadusers. The same provisions shall apply to moped drivers and motor cyclists in addition, however, moped drivers and motor cyclists shall hold the handlebars with both hands except when signalling the manoeuvre described in Article 14, paragraph 3, of this Convention. 3. It shall be prohibited for cyclists and moped drivers to carry passengers on their vehicle however, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may authorize exceptions to this provision and, in particular, authorize the transport of passengers on such additional saddle or saddles as may be fitted on the vehicle.Motor cyclists shall not be permitted to carry passengers except in the side-car, if there is one, and on the additional saddle (pillion), if any, fitted behind the driver. 4. Where cycle tracks exist, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may forbid cyclists to use the rest of the carriageway. I n the same circumstances they may authorize moped drivers to use the cycle track and, if they consider it advisable, prohibit them from using the rest of the carriageway. ARTICLE 28 Audible and luminous warnings 1. Audible warning devices may be used only (a) To give due warning with a view to avoiding an accident (b) Outside built-up areas when it is desirable to warn a driver that he is about to be overtaken. The sounds emitted by hearable warning devices shall not be prolonged more than necessary. 2.Motor-vehicle drivers may give the luminous warnings specified in Article 32, paragraph 3, of this Convention, instead of audible warnings, between gloaming and dawn. They may also do so in daylight hours for the purpose indicated in paragraph 1(b) of this Article, if to do so is more appropriate in the prevailing circumstances. 25 3. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may authorize the use of luminous warnings in built-up areas also for the purpose referred to in paragrap h 1(b) of this Article. ARTICLE 29 Rail-borne vehicles 1. Where a railway uses a carriageway, every road-user shall, on the approach of a tram or other rail-borne vehicle clear the track as soon as possible to allow the rail-borne vehicle to pass. 2.Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may adopt special rules, differing from those laid down in this Chapter, for the movement of rail-borne vehicles on the road and for passing or overtaking such vehicles. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may not adopt provisions which conflict with those of Article 18, paragraph 7, of this Convention. ARTICLE 30 Loading of vehicles 1. If a permissible maximum mass is laid down for a vehicle, the laden mass of the vehicle shall never exceed the permissible maximum mass. 2. Every load on a vehicle shall be so arranged and, if necessary, stowed as to prevent it from (a) Endangering persons or causing damage to public or private property, more particularly by trailing on or falli ng on to the road (b)Obstructing the drivers view or impairing the stability or driving of the vehicle (c) Causing noise, raising dust, or creating any other execration which can be avoided (d) Masking lights, including stop lights and direction-indicators, reflex reflectors, registration numbers and the distinguishing sign of the State of registration with which, under this Convention or under domestic legislation, the vehicle is required to be equipped, or screen signals given by arm in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 3, or Article 17, paragraph 2, of this Convention. 3. All accessories, such as cables, chains and sheets, used to secure or protect the load shall be drawn tight around the load and be firmly fastened.All accessories used to protect the load shall satisfy the requirements laid down for the load in paragraph 2 of this Article. 4. Loads project beyond the front, arouse or sides of the vehicle shall be clearly marked in all cases where their projection might no t be noticed by the drivers of other vehicles at night, a white light and a white reflecting device shall be used for such marking at the front and a red light and a red reflecting device at the rear. More particularly, on power-driven vehicles 26 (a) Loads project more than 1 m beyond the front or rear of the vehicle shall always be marked (b) Loads projecting laterally beyond the outer edge of the vehicle in such a way that their lateral outer edge is more than 0. 40 m from the outer edge of the ehicles front position (side) light shall be marked at the front at night, and loads projecting in such a way that their lateral outer edge is more than 0. 40 m from the outer edge of the vehicles red rear position (side) light shall be similarly marked at the rear at night. 5. Nothing in paragraph 4 of this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from prohibiting, restricting, or subjecting to special authorization, load projections as referr ed to in t he same paragraph 4. ARTICLE 30 bis Carriage of passengers Passengers shall not be carried in such numbers or in such a way as to interfere with driving or obstruct the drivers view. ARTICLE 31 Behaviour in case of accident 1.Without prejudice to the provisions of domestic legislation concerning the obligation to assist the injured, every driver or other road-user involved in a traffic accident shall (a) traffic Stop as soon as he can do so without causing an additional danger to (b) Endeavour to ensure traffic safety at the site of the accident and, if a person has been killed or seriously injured in the accident, to prevent, in so far as such action does not affect traffic safety, any change in conditions at the site, including the disappearance of traces which might be useful for determining responsibilities (c) If so requested by other persons involved in the accident, secernate himself to them (d)If a person has been injured or killed in the accident, notify the po lice and remain on the cyclorama of the accident or return to it and wait there until the arrival of the police, unless he has been authorized by the police to leave or has to assist the injured or to receive attention himself. 2. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may, under their domestic legislation, refrain from imposing the provision of paragraph 1 (d) of this Article in cases where no serious injury has been caused and none of the persons involved requests that the police should be notified. 27 ARTICLE 32 Rules of the use of lamps 1. Between nightfall and dawn and in any other circumstances when visibility is inadequate on account, for example, of stupor, snowfall or heavy rain, the following lamps shall be lit on a moving vehicle (a)On power-driven vehicles and mopeds the driving lamp(s) or passing lamp(s) and the rear position lamp(s), according to the equipment prescribed by the present Convention for the vehicle of each category (b) On trailers, front position lamps, if such lamps are required according to Annex 5, paragraph 30, of this Convention, and not less than two rear position lamps. 2. Driving lamps shall be switched off and replaced by passing lamps (a) In built-up areas where the road is adequately well-lighted and outside built-up areas where the carriageway is continuously lighted and the lighting is sufficient to enable the driver to see clearly for an adequate distance and to enable other road-users to see the vehicle far enough away (b)When a driver is about to pass another vehicle, so as to prevent dazzle far enough away to enable the driver of the other vehicle to proceed easily and without danger (c) In any other circumstances in which it is necessary to avoid dazzling other road-users or the users of a waterway or railway run alongside the road. 3. When, however, a vehicle is following closely behind another vehicle, driving lamps may be used to give a luminous warning as referred to in Article 28, paragraph 2, of th e intention to overtake. 4. fuzziness lamps may be lit only in thick fog, falling snow, heavy rain or similar conditions and, as regards front fog maps, as a substitute for passing lamps.Domestic legislation may authorize the simultaneous use of front fog lamps and passing lamps and the use of front fog lamps on narrow, winding roads. 5. On vehicles equipped with front position lamps, such lamps shall be used together with the driving lamps, the passing lamps or the front fog lamps. 6. During the day, a motor cycle moving on the road shall display at least one passing lamp to the front and a red lamp to the rear. Domestic legislation may permit the use of daytime running lamps instead of passing lamps. 7. Domestic legislation may make it compulsory for drivers of motor vehicles to use during the day either passing lamps or daytime running lamps. Rear position lamps shall in this case be used together with the front lamps. 28 8.Between nightfall and dawn and in any other circumsta nces when visibility is inadequate, the presence of power-driven vehicles and their trailers standing or parked on a road shall be indicated by front and rear position lamps. In thick fog, falling snow, heavy rain or similar conditions passing lamps or front fog lamps may be used. Rear fog lamps may in these conditions be used as a supplement to the rear position lamps. 9. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 8 of this Article, within a built-up area the front and rear position lamps may be replaced by parking lamps, provided that (a) The vehi