Working Class Youth and Moral Panic

wherefore has the nineteenth century been associated with a resolute panic attack over workings class jejuneness? The events of the nineteenth century have often been describe as turning points throughout Europe, the subsequent revolutions of the major powers of Europe direct to signifi bumt smorgasbord in the countries involved, additionally industrial revolutions and urbanization dispirit-emitting diode to greater city populations. The question about juvenility firstly moldiness be defined in a manor easily understood. How contumacious the panic was is primal in addition to this what panic was there.From the latter transgress of the nineteenth century these issues keister be discussed with greater authority, and make raddled much conclusively. Moral panic is considered being a concern for the brat of social order or values as Stanley Cohen and Jock five-year-old have emphasised. The mount is vital during this period as British product doubled twice in the ninete enth century between 1830-1852 and 1852-80 which fundamentally changed Britain in a number of ways, before the revolution its estimated ? of the population lived in rural parts.Working longer for less in factories and higher living be in an increase urban country left many with rattling myopic. The relentless path that milling machinery owners were able to halt due to the regimens laissez-faire attitude led to a nonher social change the breakdown of family life story, safety was non an issue still profit, women and children worked hard and for little income. It is as head argued that England was the worlds first urban nation, and urbanization meant that the absolute majority of people lived in urban areas according to the consensus of 1861, an inevitable factor in a growing power.The aspects that caused panic- and/or example panic- are similarly an important aspect as well as what led to the reactions of politicians and how the man reacted to jejuneness, which could often be a product of journalism at the time. It should also be explained there was no distinct youth pre 1850s, children entered adult life as soon as possible working in the various(a) industries. And now there was a growing consciousness of non only the working class but of a youth culture unitary which was ultimately conscious of itself.With this change in society and as problems occurred newspapers took prefer to emphasise story lines which, arguably in turn would lead to incorrupt panic to some course. And as Eileen Janes Yeo explains that some of these ideas were manufactured in the light of politicians creating these problems for them themselves to solve through social reform, creating nurture panic over the youth of tomorrow. An example of this can be seen by the mugging of an MP in 1862 or Garrotting as they were coined, held a small proportion of horrors but a press campaign resulted from this Garrotte robberies was tiny, the press created sensations out of mino r incidents. parliament responded with ferocious legislation providing for offenders to be flogged as well as imprisoned. 1 afterwards Clive Emsley explains Violence, especially fury with a sexual frisson, sold newspapers. But savage crime in the form of off and street robbery neer figured significantly in the statistics or in the courts. 2 This therefore verifies the deeds that the press had on panic within a social context to some extent.On the other hand Andrew Davies argues differently agreeing with Humphries point of view in his writings I would strongly endorse Humphries assertion that impetuous youth gangs were not an invention of the late puritanic press. 3 It should also be noted that to a degree many Victorian English thought that the Irish or much specifically the poor Irish were responsible for a large proportion of crime in some areas such(prenominal) as Lancashire. With the substantial increase in Irish immigration during the early Victorian period, the hos t societys widespread belief in the innate iniquitousity of the Irish-and, more particularly, of the Irish poor-formed an integral component of the negative side of the Irish assort4 The Dublin weekly newspaper added in 1868 nohere in England can our countrymen consider themselves safe from English mob force play, The press therefore had a degree of influence on the panic throughout England regardless of whether they hyperbolise events or exaggerated them, which is not to say this was the case in these bankrupt examples.As hand in hand they make the situation worse and can spread panic. There were on the other hand indicates for concern and panic within Britain during this time. There were considered to be many Scuttlers and such like which were not recorded during the time and as James Bent describes in his criminal life reminiscences of forty-two years as a police officer In the early 1890s, staff at the Manchester Royal Infirmary aware the police that scarcely a day pass ed Without the admission of someone who ad been injured in a scuttling affray5 this shows to a large degree that the presence of the police was either needed or attributed to events occurring and therefore permanent panic could be justified to some degree. In addition to this flump pocketing is considered a skill and thus meant training, which opens a new area of debate. The orphans that were interpreted in had to work for their lodging and this could be the case with picking pockets.This argues that well-nigh youths were pushed into crime due to poverty and unbearable backgrounds. Such was the need for the torment schools to bring those who did not have a chance at learning for the varying reasons that hindered children in the 19th century. The Metropolitan police force is an important factor in scaling the panic of 19th century England as a centralized force that had more responsibility and imposed increasing numbers of laws is an axiomatic sign of control regardless of whet her it was needed or not.It could be considered to be a reactionary attribute to what was happening whether it was to take precautions or act against the facing problems of youth culture. Increases in police forces in cities can also be drawn from the panic of Gang violence and scuttling. Philip Gooderson certainly argues the case, as for example the Salsford police increasing the force by around 30 in the years 1890-1. The various factory acts of the 19th century could also play a part in vice as it meant that less and less children were working therefore would either be in education or on the streets.It should also be considered that children had been taken advantage within industries for a long time and the possible effect this had on youth, the 19th century finally saw a behind and gradual intervention in this through various social reforms with such acts as the chimney sweeps act of 1840, which finally began to be enforced foreign previous reforms which were often ignored, a s well as the numerous factory acts which allowed better conditions for children and women and age restrictions.The various institutions that were created during the 19th century are an obvious sign of moral panic and clearly show one reason why the 19th century has often be concerned with youth. Schools such as the Ragged schools in 1844, Reformatories in 1854 and finally in 1857 industrial schools, each of which were to their own as such and have varying ideals. however there are conflicting views upon how delinquents should have been treated, and there are a number of private voluntary additions that drove for a varying unishments unconnected to prison, such as, Mary Carpenter, Sydney Turner and Mathew Davenport Hill whom helped in different ways to establish delinquency and aid such effects, this also argues the case for moral panic as there were now debates on what was best for delinquents in form of punishments and education. Additionally the social welfare and acts of the 1 850s as well as the education act of 1876 introduced a number of industrial schools and further developments within truant schools. There was a network of 208 schools 43 reformatories, 132 industrial schools, 21 day industrials schools and 12 truant schools6 ling Shore comments that The teen offender was not, then, an invention of the nineteenth century. However, it is clear that in this period a reconceptualisation of youth crime, and various developments in social policy, as well as the activities of certain individuals, resulted in a new language of youthful delinquency. late delinquency reiterated throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centurys, even at once there is a concern for today and tomorrows youth as ideals are lost through different generations, not to attend the rise in knife and dangerous weapon crimes. Gang violence and criminality are still high today in capital of the United Kingdom and other major cities with a similar average age of criminality the average age of a teenager arrested for murder in 2008 (18. 1 years) was four months older than the average age of a teenage murder arrestee in 1960 (17. years)7 despite there being moral panic for youth culture during the 19th century its not strictly unrelenting just to 19th century, as it is still of concern today. During the 18th and 19th century children worked for up to 18 hours a day, little or no education was offered as a result right and wrong was not always apparent and this is a contributing factor to delinquency and persistent panic in the 19th century, as modernity took hold of Britain and more liberal and welfare ideas were debated which stemmed concern for youth which had not been to the full understood or considered in previous centurys.Bibliography Davies, Andrew youth gangs, maleness and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford, Journal of Social news report, Vol. 32, No. 2. (Winter, 1998), pp. 349-369 Emsley, Clive Crime and the Victorians Last updated 2011-02 -17 http//www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. shtml 02/02/12 Males, Mike A. Criminals and violent offenders getting older and older not younger 03/12/2010 http//www. cjcj. org/ come out/juvenile/justice/criminals/and/violent/offenders/getting/older/and/older/not/younger Accessed 02/03/2012Pearson, Geoffrey Disturbing continuities Peaky blinders to Hoodies ( CJM no. 65 Autumn 2006) Shore, Heather The idea of juvenile crime in 19th century England, History Today, June 2000 Swift, Roger Heroes or Villains? The Irish, Crime, and Disorder in Victorian England http//www. jstor. org/stable/4051670 Accessed 06/03/2012 1345 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 Clive Emsley http//www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. shtml 2 http//www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. html 3 Andrew Davies youth gangs, maleness and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford p. 4 4 Roger Swift Heroes or Villains? The Irish, Crime, and Disorder in Vict orian England 5 Youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford, p. 5 6 Heather Shore, The idea of juvenile crime in 19th century England, History Today, June 200 p. 7 7http//www. cjcj. org/ line/juvenile/justice/criminals/and/violent/offenders/getting/older/and/older/not/younger